Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
752 Results
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a 3GPP release 6 feature for WCDMA. Objective is to achieve uplink data rates of up to 5.76 Mbps and increase throughput and capacity. This application note introduces HSUPA concepts and explains key features.
09-Feb-2006 | AN-No. 1MA94
This application note describes how to connect and use the highly popular R&S®NRP-Z family of USB SMART power sensors with the Android application (app): R&S®Power Viewer Mobile for mobile devices running on Android 4.0 operating systems. Multi-path diode and wideband power sensors as well as thermal R&S®NRP-Z sensors are supported. The app "R&S®Power Viewer Mobile" is available on .
04-Jun-2013 | AN-No. 1MA215
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) optimize UMTS for packet data services in downlink and uplink, respectively. Together, they are referred to as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA). Within 3GPP Release 7, 8, 9 and 10, further improvements to HSPA have been specified in the context of HSPA+ or HSPA evolution. This White Paper introduces key features of HSPA+ and outlines the changes to the radio interface.
14-Feb-2012 | AN-No. 1MA205
The R&S®SMA100B signal generator offers a remote emulation feature that makes it possible to control the instrument by commands other than the built-in native SCPI commands. This feature allows the user to replace signal generators, e.g. from other manufacturers, with the R&S®SMA100B without having to change the remote control code.This application note describes how to use the remote emulation feature in general. Furthermore, it describes in detail the remote emulation for each supported instrument, limitations of the individual emulations and the remaining differences between the emulated and the original commands.
11-Dec-2019 | AN-No. 1GP120
Nearly all tests in accordance with the Bluetooth low energy test specification V4.0 [1] can be performed using the R&S®CBT alone. Some tests additionally call for signal generators to provide interference signals. This application note describes the tests performed with additional equipment and presents straightforward solutions based on the R&S®CBTgo software.
18-Jul-2013 | AN-No. 1MA200
This application note shows how to perform Bluetooth transmitter measurements with the CMU200 in a reduced signaling mode, in which the protocol handshake between the Bluetooth Equipment Under Test, the EUT, and CMU200 is skipped. This additional CMU200 feature allows both more flexible and faster RF testing of Bluetooth modules. A step-by-step example with SMIQ demonstrates the principles and serves as a reference for integrating this method in user-specific test strategies.
04-Feb-2003 | AN-No. 1MA49
With SMIQ Signal Generator you can generate the most important Bluetooth RF test signals fast and conveniently. This application note comes with files containing modulation data for various payload patterns and burst lengths. A list of patterns is included. With the transfer software, also enclosed with this application note, you can load the data records into SMIQ and start testing immediately. BLUETOOTH is a registered trademark of Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson, Sweden.
30-Jan-2001 | AN-No. 1MA31
This application note describes the suitability of the R&S®ZVM and R&S®ZVK as multichannel microwave receivers for antenna measurements and RCS measurements including measurements on pulsed signals. Application examples describe the measurement possibilities on pulsed signals using the R&S®ZVM/ZVK as stand-alone units. In addition, various R&S®ZVM/ZVK-based antenna measurement systems of the March Microwave company are presented in detail.
10-Sep-2004 | AN-No. 1EZ52
Power Added Efficiency (PAE) is a key parameter for the characterization of an amplifier.This application notes introduces two alternative methods how to do the Power Added Efficiency measurement. The first one is based on the R&S ZNB vector network analyzer (VNA) measurement function. Alternatively to this, the PAE tracer macro is introduced. This macro offers to make the PAE at an user selected compression point of the amplifier versus frequency. The PAE tracer macro is provided together with this application note.
22-May-2013 | AN-No. 1EZ64
A typical application for signal generators and spectrum analyzers is measuring nonlinearities of RF amplifiers. This application note discusses the basics of nonlinearities and describes the nonlinearity measurement using the R&S Value Instruments RF Signal Generator R&S®SMC100A and Spectrum Analyzer R&S®FSC.
20-May-2014 | AN-No. 1MA71
Increasing data rates in high-speed digital designs and wireless communications require SerDes PLLs and clock synthesizers with low additive phase noise and high jitter attenuation. Modern designs often follow a two-stage architecture, consisting of a jitter-attenuator and a frequency-synthesizer stage. Due to their high phase noise sensitivity, phase noise analyzers are the instruments of choice for these tests. To stimulate the PLL, an additional signal source with ultra low phase noise is required.
01-Aug-2018
IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee™) uses OQPSK with a half-sine pulse shaping filter as modulation. This application note describes how to generate and analyze ZigBee™ signals. Simple test signals can be setup with the free-of-charge simulation software R&S WinIQSIM™ and transferred to the vector signal generator R&S SMU200A. It describes how to setup the vector signal analyzer R&S FSQ with option R&S FSQ-K70 for ZigBee™ signal demodulation and how to analyze modulation quality such as error vector magnitude (EVM).
21-Jun-2007 | AN-No. RSI03
Modern mobile phones can support cellular and noncellular wireless communications standards at the same time. This means, however, that the subsystems must operate in very close proximity to each other within a single device (in-device coexistence). The resulting high level of reciprocal leakage can at times cause considerable interference.This application note employs preliminary theoretical analysis and demonstrates how the problems of indevice coexistence can be measured. For german version please visit .
28-Apr-2015 | AN-No. 1MA255
A vector-modulated microwave signal can be generated by mixing an I/Q-modulated signal with a microwave carrier. This Application Note describes the frequency upconversion using a standard passive mixer. The basics of mixer operation are introduced and the conversion process is demonstrated in detail with a test setup and corresponding measurements. The mixer selection guide will make it easier to choose a proper mixer for individual applications.
18-Dec-2008 | AN-No. 1GP65
Coaxial connectors are a key component in RF and microwave applications. Their importance and contribution to overall system performance is sometimes overlooked. This application note focuses on coaxial connectors found in RF and microwave applications, providing general information on the available types; how to take care of connectors and connector electrical properties. This information is essential for anyone specifying and using Rohde and Schwarz test and measurement equipment and will help with the selection of the correct types of coaxial connector, handling connectors to obtain accurate and repeatable measurements, and to maximize the longevity and performance of coaxial connectors.
09-Apr-2015 | AN-No. 1MA99
This application note explains how to bring a CADENCE system which is attached to an R&S EX-IQ-BOX into service for the first time. The first part of the document shows how to setup an LTE Demo without using a UE design. This setup uses the R&S CMW500 as the downlink transmitter. The emulator receives the downlink via an R&S EX-IQBOX and passes it to an R&S spectrum analyzer (R&S FSx) via a second R&S EXIQ-BOX. The second part describes the real wiring using up- and downlink. This will only work if a UE design is available on the emulator.
30-Jun-2011 | AN-No. 1CM75
The R&S®SMC100A signal generator offers a remote emulation feature that makes it possible to control the instrument by commands other than the built-in native SCPI commands. This feature allows the user to replace signal generators, e.g. from other manufacturers, with the R&S®SMC100A without having to change the remote control code. This application note describes how to use the remote emulation feature in general. Furthermore, it describes in detail the remote emulation for each supported instrument, limitations of the individual emulations and the remaining differences between the emulated and the original commands.
28-Feb-2012 | AN-No. 1GP90
The R&S®NRP2 power meter offers a remote emulation feature that makes it possible to control the instrument by commands other than the built-in native SCPI commands. This feature allows the user to replace power meters, e.g. from other manufacturers, with the R&S®NRP2 power meter without having to change the remote control code. This application note describes how to use the remote emulation feature in general. Furthermore, it describes in detail the remote emulation for each supported instrument, limitations of the individual emulations and the remaining differences between the emulated and the original commands.
28-Feb-2012 | AN-No. 1GP83
When MPEG-2 transport streams are transmitted, the program clock reference PCR is transmitted as a time reference in the receiver. A sufficiently accurate and correctly received PCR is a precondition for correct data display in the receiver. This Application Note provides an overview of definitions, functions and use of the PCR. It also explains the recommended measurements of the current measurement guidelines and offers detailed instructions on how to use the PCR measurement functions of the R&S DVM family.
01-Jun-2006 | AN-No. 7BM55
A simple concept with Azure IoT
Cloud development, microservice architectures and container virtualization are becoming more and more standard. Software components are repacked into containers, networked with each other and then brought into the cloud. The topic is also becoming increasingly interesting for test & measurement.But how do you connect your existing measurement equipment to the cloud, with instruments in some cases not even having an internet connection?This document describes an approach how to establish a remote connection between the instrument and the cloud using an IoT broker. The implementation is done using an Azure IoT Hub and software in .NET Core.
15-Dec-2020 | AN-No. GFM319
The R&S®SMA100A signal generator offers a remote emulation feature that makes it possible to control the instrument by commands other than the built-in native SCPI commands. This feature allows the user to replace signal generators, e.g. from other manufacturers, with the R&S®SMA100A without having to change the remote control code. This application note describes how to use the remote emulation feature in general. Furthermore, it describes in detail the remote emulation for each supported instrument, limitations of the individual emulations and the remaining differences between the emulated and the original commands.
17-Aug-2015 | AN-No. 1GP93
The Bluetooth® wireless standard has been an unparalleled success. It has found its way into virtually all smartphones, PCs, cars, entertainment hardware and wearables. Bluetooth SIG reports that more than 8 billion devices are currently in use. Bluetooth supports Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and direction finding methods, making it a sure bet for the future as well.This white paper summarizes the various Bluetooth technologies with a focus on the physical layer in line with core specification version 5.1.
05-Jun-2019 | AN-No. 1MA108
Rare faults and intermittent signals are difficult to capture. The R&S®RTO Oscilloscope supports the acquisition and the detailed signal analysis of these signals by using the history mode. The history mode allows the user to look back to previous acquisitions and apply the wide set of analysis functions of the RTO. Furthermore it stores the accurate recoding time of the waveforms for subsequent analysis.
03-Jun-2013 | AN-No. 1TD02
This educational note covers the theory and practice oscilloscopes based on concrete measurement examples that address authentic everyday tasks.The theoretical portion of this paper begins with an explanation of the basic operating concepts for oscilloscopes, followed by a discussion of the most important parameters to be considered when setting up and performing the exercise measurements. The practical portion of the educational note contains detailed measurement tasks that can be performed by small groups in the university lab. These exercises are intended to demonstrate and reinforce the knowledge gained in the theoretical portion. The exercises build upon one another and demonstrate measurement tasks that are frequently encountered by engineers in daily work.
16-Jan-2018 | AN-No. 1MA265
To analyse the quality of CD players, lots of measurements have to be done. This application note presents a program, which combines these measurements to an automatically running sequence and gives a printout of the results. A test CD is used for generating the test signals. Here the Audio Test Disc UPA-CD from Rohde & Schwarz is used, which holds all required signals in a sequence permitting automatic measurements to be carried out, without the need of controlling the CD player. In addition, this application note explains the measurements and informs about the different standards.
16-Feb-1998 | AN-No. 1GA21
LTE is under continuous development. Release 10 (LTE-Advanced) introduced carrier aggregation (CA) as the primary enhancement. Releases 11 and 12 add several new components to LTE. Some are enhancements to existing features (such as improvements to CA), while others are completely new concepts, such as coordinated multipoint (CoMP).This application note summarizes the Rohde & Schwarz test solutions for LTE-Advanced according to Releases 11 and 12 using vector signal generators, signal and spectrum analyzers and the wideband radio communication tester.
14-Jul-2016 | AN-No. 1MA272
Automating measurement setups is advantageous for multiple reasons. It saves time in case of repeated measurements and in hazardous environments, instruments can be operated from a distance. The measurements are repeatable because they are always performed with a defined procedure, leading to higher test confidence.But in remote control applications, users often perceive synchronization and binary transfers as challenging. Therefore, this application note focuses on binary transfer of data to and from the instrument and shows code example to demonstrate the ease of use.
31-Mar-2022 | AN-No. 1SL381
More and more everyday items such as household appliances, vehicles, lights, etc. are now connected to the Internet, forming what is known as the "Internet of Things". Even clothing with sewn-in sensors to measure vital functions can now connect to the Internet and transmit data to cloud services. These different things use a variety of wireless technology standards to establish a connection. Due to its popularity, one of the most important standards is Bluetooth (or Bluetooth Low Energy). Before a new product with Bluetooth functionality can be launched, the qualification process defined by the Bluetooth SIG must be successfully completed. To save time and money, performance tests need to be performed in the development stage. This application note describes how to use the R&S CMW platform to perform the measurements defined in Bluetooth test specification version 5. As an alternative solution, we also cover how to perform almost all of the measurements with a spectrum analyzer and signal generator.The Bluetooth® word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by Rohde & Schwarz is under license.
19-Jun-2017 | AN-No. 1MA282
Over the past few years, electronics developers have developed a variety of approaches to avoid interference on high-speed signals on printed circuit boards. However, with increasing complexity and frequency, PCBs set new limits, supporting frequencies of 40 GHz and higher. Driven by the fast growing 5G market, today’s digital systems operate in these high frequency ranges that come with completely new challenges. With slope steepness’s of just a few picoseconds, any discontinuity in the impedance and impairment of the inductance or capacitance on the PCB or back drill defects on the PCB can have a massive impact on the signal quality. The industry recognizes that there is a growing need for functional high-speed testing of PCBs. The MicroCraft® E2V6151 series combined with an R&S®ZNB vector signal analyzer delivers a fully automated solution.
25-Mar-2020
The R&S®SMBV100A vector signal generator offers a remote emulation feature that makes it possible to control the instrument by commands other than the built-in native SCPI commands. This feature allows the user to replace signal generators, e.g. from other manufacturers, with the R&S®SMBV100A without having to change the remote control code. This application note describes how to use the remote emulation feature in general. Furthermore, it describes in detail the remote emulation for each supported instrument, limitations of the individual emulations and the remaining differences between the emulated and the original commands.
11-Oct-2016 | AN-No. 1GP91