Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
1118 Results
Embedded power supplies combine traditional power supply components with multiple sensors, processing and control logic as well as digital communications interfaces. Test equipment for debugging requires isolated input channels for measurements of hazardous voltages. Additional digital channels support the analysis of digital signals, while trigger and decode capabilities are essential for time-correlated monitoring of serial protocol-based communications interfaces.
26-Apr-2016
In addition to frequency, power and long-term stability, short-term stability or its equivalent, phase noise, is an important characteristic of signal sources. For example, the phase noise of conversion oscillators of receivers obtained in the presence of a strong signal determines adjacent-channel sensitivity. In the case of transmitters, the phase noise of the oscillator together with the modulator characteristics is responsible for the power generated in adjacent channels. The phase noise of oscillators or synthesizers and the relevant measurements therefore play an important role in radio transmission systems.
16-Jan-2002 | AN-No. 1EF16
This application note describes the general setup and required equipment for EMC measurements according to the EMS standard IEC / EN 61000-4-3.
29-Mar-2007 | AN-No. 1SP32
Voice over IP for air traffic control
18-Jun-2013
Rohde & Schwarz offers a powerful tool for remote control of their oscilloscopes - the RsInstrument Python module. This module enables users to control and automate their Rohde & Schwarz test & measurement instruments, including oscilloscopes, through Python scripts or interactive console communication.
14-Dec-2023
The R&S VSA and R&S UAF video analyzers have been designed for measurements on CCVS signals. Under certain conditions, they can also be used for measuring the primary colour components RGB and TV signals in the S-Video format.
21-Feb-2003 | AN-No. 7BM29E
This application note describes essential test setups and test procedures for 3GPP power amplifiers especially for production lines.
04-Sep-2002 | AN-No. 1MA40
Determining the delay of the video signal in relation to the audio signal aids evaluation of the quality of screens with an audio output. In some cases, such delays can reach as much as 100ms, which can cause significant irritation. This delay occurs because videosignal processing requires more computing power than audio-signal processing. The measurement solution described in this application note analyzes delays of up to +-400ms at a resolution in the order of µs.
21-Apr-2010 | AN-No. 7BM77
This application note provides basic information about settling time measurements and describes how frequency settling time measurements can be easily and convenient performed using a modern spectrum analyzer with integrated signal analysis capabilities.The analog demodulation measurement application R&S®FSxx-K7 performs frequency and phase settling time measurements using a modern wideband concept, and results are obtained easily and convenient with an integrated settling time measurement capability.
18-Jun-2022 | AN-No. 1EF112
This application note provides information about measurements on pulsed signals with a spectrum analyzer. Examples show the practical realisation of measurements like pulse width, peak power and mean power, and the limitations of spectrum analyzer measurements. A method for long time average power measurement is explained.
16-Jan-2003 | AN-No. 1EF48
From designing a test setup to performing accurate measurements
Double-Pulse testing is a standard test-method used in power electronics design. Accurate measurements require a careful design of the test setup and the selection of the right measurement instruments. This application note discusses important aspects of double-pulse test setups as well as how to perform accurate measurements.
22-Mar-2021 | AN-No. GFM347
This application note briefly summarizes the history of SCPI and outlines in which fields of application a SCPI based test system software has still advantages over a driver (e.g. IVI) based approach. Further the unique features of the high-end R&SSMW 200A vector signal generator that allow an increase in efficiency of SCPI based test system software development are introduced and operating guidelines are provided.
18-Oct-2017 | AN-No. 1GP98
This document answers frequently asked questions regarding Rohde & Schwarz Broadband Amplifiers. It describes remote operation and monitoring of the R&S® Broadband Amplifier series through a standard web browser.
04-Nov-2016 | AN-No. 7TA1
The R&S®SMC100A signal generator offers a remote emulation feature that makes it possible to control the instrument by commands other than the built-in native SCPI commands. This feature allows the user to replace signal generators, e.g. from other manufacturers, with the R&S®SMC100A without having to change the remote control code. This application note describes how to use the remote emulation feature in general. Furthermore, it describes in detail the remote emulation for each supported instrument, limitations of the individual emulations and the remaining differences between the emulated and the original commands.
28-Feb-2012 | AN-No. 1GP90
Voice over IP for air traffic control
21-Sep-2015
Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) have taken giant steps in speed and accuracy over the past years: Such devices allow high-speed video processing and even software defined radio (SDR) applications, where digitization is being performed at ever-higher intermediate frequencies (IF). This has clearly raised the bar for ADC test equipment, especially regarding the noise performance of the analog input signal and sample clock sources used in the test setup. The R&S®SMA100B offers outputs for the analog input signal of the ADC as well as the clock input signal in one single instrument - both with outstanding signal purity.
11-Jan-2021 | AN-No. 1GP66
Polar modulation is a method where digital modulation is realized as a combination of phase and amplitude modulation, rather than using an I/Q modulator. This technique becomes increasingly important in mobile communication. This application note shows how to generate polar modulation with an R&S®SMU200A Vector Signal Generator.
26-Nov-2004 | AN-No. 1GP58
DOCSIS has become the established standard for return channels when it comes to implementing interactive services in broadband cable networks. The quality of these signals is essential to network efficiency. The analysis can be done using the highprecision R&S®ETL, R&S®EFA and R&S®FSH3-TV TV test receivers that have proven themselves in the downstream. These T & M instruments can be quickly and easily configured for measuring the upstream.
13-Jul-2012
Vector Network Analyzers of the ZVR family measure magnitude and phase of complex S-parameters of a device under test (DUT) in the frequency domain. Using an inverse Fourier transform, the results can be transformed to the time domain. The impulse or step response of the DUT is obtained, which gives an especially clear representation of its characteristics. For instance, faults in cables can be directly localized. Moreover, special time domain filters, so-called gates, can be used to suppress unwanted signal components such as multireflections.
04-Aug-1998 | AN-No. 1EZ44
The aim of this application note is to provide information regarding Rohde & Schwarz (R&S®) instrument drivers for R&S®CMU200. This document describes how to use the R&S®CMU200 VXIPlug&Play drivers in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET or C# using Visual Studio.
30-Jun-2009 | AN-No. 1MA157
How I/Q noise cancellation can help significantly improve the EVM performance of your signal and spectrum analyzer.
16-Nov-2023
The R&S®SMB100A RF and microwave signal generator offers a remote emulation feature that makes it possible to control the instrument by commands other than the built-in native SCPI commands. This feature allows the user to replace signal generators, e.g. from other manufacturers, with the R&S®SMB100A without having to change the remote control code. This application note describes how to use the remote emulation feature in general. Furthermore, it describes in detail the remote emulation for each supported instrument, limitations of the individual emulations and the remaining differences between the emulated and the original commands.
20-Mar-2012 | AN-No. 1GP89
Embedding and De-Embedding of virtual transformation networks for measuring scattering parameters with a ZVR or ZVC vector network analyzer.
25-Sep-1998 | AN-No. 1EZ45
An operator of a network of terrestrial transmitter stations wants to have the most cost-effective means of monitoring the network's numerous transmitter sites from a main monitoring center. Modern error sensors such as the R&S DVM50/100 and the R&S ETX-T are used for diverse monitoring functions at the individual transmitter sites as well as to transmit monitoring status to the main monitoring center. These error sensors have a function-rich SNMP agent designed specifically for this purpose. Simple network management protocol (SNMP). Despite the 'simple' in the protocol name, some users are still afraid to use it for remote control and monitoring. This Application Note therefore provides a user-friendly and practical look at, for example, how the monitoring functions via SNMP can be used for the R&S DVM. The following sections provide a brief look at the SNMP protocol, the R&S DVM/ETX implementation, and useful tools for working with SNMP. A description of how SNMP can be linked to various development environments (C++, C#, Java) is also provided.
16-Mar-2007 | AN-No. 7BM65
This application explains the setup and procedure to measure the exact time relationship between the CDMA RF signal and even-second clock. The accurate knowledge of this time relationship is e.g. necessary for test setups which require the synchronization of the R&S®CMU200’s CDMA2000® system with a GPS simulator.
09-Nov-2007 | AN-No. 1CM33
This application note introduces the IVI High Speed LAN Instrument Protocol (HiSLIP) and outlines its features. HiSLIP is the successor to the VXI-11 LAN remote control protocol. This document also describes guidelines for using this protocol.
12-Nov-2014 | AN-No. 1MA208
Increasing demands on power distribution networks have resulted in smaller DC rails, as well as a proliferation of rails that ensure clean power reaches the pins of integrated circuits.
07-Mar-2017
In general, most of the existing electronic devices are connected to the AC mains and require a power conversion stage to convert the AC-Voltage to a smaller DC-Voltage. Voltages and frequencies of the power grid differ between different regions. However, different types of AC-DC conversion stages exist to supply the electronic equipment with adequate DC-power.In AC-DC conversion combined with power levels less than 50W, the flyback converter is a commonplace chosen topology because of its simplicity and its low cost. The majority of consumer products make use of this converter type like wall brick power supplies or power adapters for any consumer application and other type of stand-by auxiliary power supply like used in white and brown goods. In AC to DC converter application, an electrical isolation between input and output is mandatory. The flyback topology provides this galvanic barrier.Beside the common advantages of a flyback converter, it has inherently parasitic components, which typically produce ringing waveforms with considerably high voltage spikes. Without suppressing this unwanted ringing, it may have some negative effect on other components like the switching elements. This ringing can also influence the EMI emissions adversely. Therefore, it is an important task to adequate suppress and damp the ringing effect. This damping circuit is known as snubber circuit and provides this functionality. In the flyback converter, different snubber structures can be applied and each of the structure has its advantage and disadvantage.The demand having a snubber circuit in the power supply topology leads to specific verification methods during the design to obtain a proper and reliable design. These verification methods are the main focus of the discussions within this document.
23-Jun-2021 | AN-No. 1SL363
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled that no later than February 17, 2009, all analog NTSC broadcasting must come to an end. It is therefore not surprising that the demand for ATSC receivers is high at the time this application note was published. ATSC TV sets and set-tops are subject to the ATSC recommended practice Doc.A/74 “Receiver Performance Guidelines” before they can be sold freely in the markets that adopted the standard. Although the number of tests defined in Doc.A/74 is less extensive then the ones for their DVB-T counterparts (EN62002, MBRAI), some clarification is nevertheless due.
27-Sep-2012 | AN-No. 7BM71