Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
752 Results
This Application Note describes how to configure and calibrate R&S ZVR network analyzers for conversion gain measurements of devices with two ports that have different impedances. Thus accurate measurements on frequency-converting devices such as low noise converters of sattellite receivers are possible.
16-May-2002 | AN-No. 1EZ50
The following paragraphs are intended to show the capabilities of the Rohde&Schwarz Signal Generator SMT performing VOR air navigation receiver tests. The procedures presented should not be considered binding or mandatory. It is expected that the user once familiar with the use of SMT for VOR/ILS receiver tests will design and implement procedures which satisfy equipment and regulatory requirements.
06-Jul-1994 | AN-No. 1GPAN10
This application note describes the different memory types and locations that user information can be stored in a spectrum analyzer R&S® FSP, R&S® FSU or R&S® FSQ, as well as the different ways in which it can be erased/cleared for security reasons.
20-Sep-2004 | AN-No. 1EF53
This application note describes how the transmitter landscape of a DVB-T2 single-frequency network (SFN) can be simulated in multiple input single output (MISO) mode in order to test the compatibility and performance of receiver modules. Neither an external T2-MI gateway nor a GPS receiver is required - just an R&S®BTC equipped with two RF paths. Alternatively, one R&S®SFU coupled with one or more R&S®SFU, R&S®SFE, R&S®SFE100 or R&S®SFC can also be used. R&S®ETL or R&S®ETC are suggested to fine-tune the synchronization between the generated RF signals.
03-Feb-2014 | AN-No. 7BM80
Signal monitoring has proven an effective technique when it comes to identifying and correcting quality problems in transmitted TV broadcast signals during broadcast operation. For a DVB‑T2 signal using multiple physical layer pipes (multi-PLP), a separate receiver is required to analyze each PLP. The R&S®DVMS digital TV monitoring systems are extremely flexible and can be configured to meet customer's needs – from sequential PLP monitoring systems with a single receiver to systems providing seamless, parallel multi-PLP analysis.
24-Jul-2012
Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) bridges the gap between communications systems and classic radar systems. Despite the increasing capabilities of mobile communications, SSR remains a major component in airspace surveillance. State-of-the-art methods such as Mode S reply enhance SSR with broadcast-like capabilities and enable airports in remote locations to surveil the airspace even if no radar is available. More advanced techniques such as automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) utilize the infrastructure provided by a Mode S reply transponder to provide even more information for ground control and other aircraft.
17-May-2021
With continuously increasing data rates, signal inte grity aspects of high-speed digital designs and the components used become more and more challenging. Particularly at higher data rates, vector network analyzers (VNA) are increasingly replacing traditional time domain reflectometry (TDR) setups for testing passive components such as connectors, cables and PCBs. Users benefit from the higher accuracy, speed and ESD robustness of the VNA, making the VNA the instrument of choice in this field.
20-Sep-2016
EMI Automotive Band Evaluation extension is an on-board EMI measurement sequence in broadband and communications frequency bands for automotive and aerospace applications. This application notes shows how to configure, run, and automatically document tests in a sequence coming with EMC32-K51.
17-Jul-2014 | AN-No. 1SP07
White noise of a defined power is superimposed on the DVB signal. From the noise and the modulated DVB signal, the S/N respectively the C/N ratio in dB (with consideration of the 'roll off' factor) can be calculated. After conversion, the corresponding BER is obtained for each S/N value.
08-May-2002 | AN-No. 7BM03
The following paragraphs are intended to show the capabilities of the Rohde & Schwarz Signal Generator SMT performing ILS and Marker Beacon receiver tests. The procedures presented should not be considered binding or mandatory. It is expected that the user once familiar with the use of SMT for VOR/ILS receiver tests will design and implement procedures which satisfy equipment and regulatory requirements.
06-Jul-1994 | AN-No. 1GPAN11
Calibration and Verification Solution
The UWB (Ultra-Wideband) technology is a short range wide-band radio technology specified for device to device communication operating in unlicensed spectrum. It is an RF positioning technology that enables accurate and secure peer-to-peer ranging between mobile devices with robust resistance to interference while consuming very low energy and coexisting well with other radio communication systems. UWB is used for a variety of different applications, such as asset tracking, secure payment, personal tracker, real time location services and keyless access and start of a vehicle etc. According to ABI Research forecasts, there will be well over 1 billion UWB annual device shipments by 2026. Almost every smart phone shipped in 2026 will support UWB services.Talking about testing aspect of a UWB device, in general two test methodologies can be adopted as other wireless products, either the traditional testing mode (so-called conducted test mode) with wired RF connection between the test measurement equipment and device under test (DUT) or over the air (OTA) test mode in an OTA anechoic chamber. Sometimes, it is not always possible or necessary to perform the tests under conducted mode due to the limiting factors, e.g. cost, space, complexity and direct access to the RF connectors of the product. In this case, OTA testing is then becoming a non-evitable approach. Moreover, OTA testing reflects the usage of DUT in a real condition.In this application note, R&S® OTA test solution covering transmitter (Tx), receiver (Rx) and Time of Flight (ToF) testing in Wireless Automated Testing (WMT) environment is described. The measurement results throughout the whole document are based on NXP Trimension™ NCJ29D5 UWB automotive IC.
12-Apr-2023 | AN-No. 1SL394
Spurious emission search with spectrum analyzers is one of the most demanding measurements in the design, verification and production of RF and microwave devices. RF designers, especially in the aerospace & defense industry need to detect very low level spurs. Very narrow resolution bandwidths are required to measure with a low noise floor, hence increasing measurement time. Even working with very fast spectrum analyzers, a spur search may take several hours or even days.In this paper we will review the basics of spurious measurements and how the parameters used can affect the detection performance. A new technique as used in the R&S®FSW-K50 spurious measurement application which makes spurious search faster and easier to configure.
14-Jul-2017 | AN-No. 1EF97
The NRT power reflection meter can measure the average burst power of TDMA signals. This application note shows how to use this feature to measure the average power in the useful part of GSM/EDGE bursts. The procedure given here can also be modified for use with other TDMA systems.
01-Dec-2003 | AN-No. 1GP47
This application note reviews a new calibration subsystem which consists of Inline Calibration Units (ICUs). These ICUs are designed for in situ use, so they are left in place both during the calibration procedure and during the measurement of the Device Under Test (DUT).This adds versatility, convenience and accuracy to the VNA based measurement system, as it means the calibration can be refreshed at any time without manually disconnecting the DUT from the test system.
29-Sep-2017 | AN-No. 1EZ71
For customers who have already used automated R&S SFQ setups in development and production, the implementation of the successor instrument results in a need to adjust the SCPI commands formerly used.This document provides an overview on how SCPI commands that are used with the R&S SFQ change with the new test transmitter as well as a cross-reference list in the form of an EXCEL sheet.
23-Jun-2006 | AN-No. 7BM56
The Radiocommunication Tester CRTx can be used to test various aspects of GSM based mobile telephones. For this, a large number of testcases written in accordance with the GSM Rec. 11.10-1 are available. These tests are written in Borland C programming language, are supplied as source code, may also be modified by the user and are normally performed manually.
07-Mar-2002 | AN-No. 1CMAN30E
This application note provides information about measurements on pulsed signals with a spectrum analyzer. Examples show the practical realisation of measurements like pulse width, peak power and mean power, and the limitations of spectrum analyzer measurements. A method for long time average power measurement is explained.
16-Jan-2003 | AN-No. 1EF48
1xEvolution – Data Optimized (1xEV-DO)is a 3GPP2 “cdma2000® High Rate PacketData Air Interface” specification. Since its introduction (Release 0), Revisions A and B have brought improvements in the data throughput in both directions and in the overall network capacity. This white paper presents the Revision A and B concepts for 1xEV-DO and explains key features.
23-Sep-2013 | AN-No. 1MA213
This application note describes the noise figure measurement using the R&S Vector Network Analyzers of the ZVA and ZVT series. It explains the concept of measuring noise figure without the need for a characterized noise source. Furthermore, it discusses different measurement applications and the respective setup and implications. Some examples guide through the instrument setups and show measurement results as well.
27-Oct-2010 | AN-No. 1EZ61
This white paper describes the POLQA® algorithm implemented in the R&S®UPV Audio Analyzer and shows an example hardware setup for standard independent audio measurements.
30-May-2012 | AN-No. 1MA202
In order to allow users to quickly generate different reports, ELEKTRA provides several ways or supporting the user. This application note describes the various methods and their benefits. It is not a how-to step-by-step guide, but shows the principles of operation.
27-Jul-2022 | AN-No. 1SL384
The R&S® IQ File Cutter can load IQ data from supported IQ file formats and export part of the signal to another file. This is helpful when dealing with long measurement recordings, of which only parts are of interest and should be extracted for further analysis.
11-May-2020 | AN-No. GFM338
This Application Note focuses on measurement of harmonics using modern spectrum analyzers. It highlights the source of harmonics before focusing on their measurement using a spectrum analyzer. The Application Note also explains the benefits of the R&S FSW’s high pass filter option for harmonic measurements.
02-Mar-2012 | AN-No. 1EF78
Selecting Your Next Oscilloscope:
If you are selecting your next oscilloscope and want more insight on how to understand ENOB values measured and published by oscilloscope manufacturers, this document is for you. The effective number of bits (ENOB) is a way of quantifying the quality of analog to digital conversion. A higher ENOB means that voltage levels recorded in analog to digital conversion are more accurate. Understanding oscilloscope vendor-supplied ENOB values can be complex. This document focuses on interpretation of measured ENOB results made on oscilloscopes rather than the math behind ENOB calculations.
21-Jun-2024 | AN-No. 1TD12
This application note addresses the diverse possibilities of interoperability between Rohde & Schwarz power sensors and Rohde & Schwarz signal generators. All current and many legacy Rohde & Schwarz signal generators offer the capability of directly connecting power sensors. This enables power measurements without the need of a base unit or separate PC to display the readings. Furthermore, sensors can be used for special tasks like filling a user correction table or continuously controlling levels at crucial points in the measurement configuration.
31-Aug-2023 | AN-No. 1GP141
3GPP TS25.141 defines conformance tests for UTRA base stations (NodeB). This application note describes how performance tests (TS25.141 Chapter 8) can be performed quickly and easily by using vector signal generators from Rohde & Schwarz. Examples illustrate the manual operation. A free software program enables and demonstrates remote operation.
04-Mar-2015 | AN-No. 1MA78
In many applications, circuitries with automatic gain control are used, for example in the fields of tape recording or hearing aids. This application note describes the typical characteristic of these control circuitries and the difficulties in measurements using oscilloscops. With the audio analyzers UPL and UPD these measurements can be done much easier, the analysis can be done manually or automatically by using a special software tool.
04-Jun-1998 | AN-No. 1GA32
For NB-IoT applications to function correctly, sufficient network coverage is required. Coverage must be measured to ensure a robust NB-IoT connection. Rohde & Schwarz mobile network testing provides a unique combined test solution that accurately measures the DL coverage using network scanners. It measures the device/network interaction, UL behavior, protocol, signaling load and energy efficiency during communications using NB-IoT devices connected to R&S®ROMES.
20-Feb-2018
This Application Note describes the method to perform a valid Access Probe Power and Standby Power measurement for CDMA2000® 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO by using the R&S CMW500’s GPRF analyzer list mode functionality.
25-May-2012 | AN-No. 1CM99
Modulation Analyzers FMA (up to 1.36 GHz) and FMB (up to 5 GHz) are high-grade FM demodulators from Rohde & Schwarz with highly stable synthesizer, low-noise FM demodulator, automatic frequency tuning and fine-tuning, separation of AM from FM,all of which make Analyzers FMA/FMB ideal for phase noise measurements.
03-Jun-1998 | AN-No. 1EF15